NEVER STOP BREATHING

S   SELF                      

C   CONTAINED

U   UNDERWATER 

B     BREATHING 

A     APPARATUS

SO YOU NEVER HAVE TO HOLD YOUR BREATH 

DESCENDING

According to wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle%27s_law   

Boyle's law, also referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law (especially in France), is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to decrease as the volume of the container increases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is:

The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.[1][2] 

Basically our bodies' volume of gas (enclosed in our lungs) will decrease as the ambient pressure increases because of the water pressure. 

For every 10 MSW (metres of Seawater) an additional 1 atmosphere (ATA) of pressure is incurred.  

DEPTH ATM VOL

0 Meters 1 1

(Surface)   

10 Meters 2 1/2

33Ft   

20 Meters 3 1/3

66Ft

30 Meters 4 1/4

99Ft

40 Meters 5 1/5

132Ft

Basically Air Contracts upon Descent. And in order for your air pockets

EARS, SINUS, LUNGS 

to compensate for the decrease, 

you need to EQUALIZE

EQUALIZATION IS THE BALANCING OF THE DECREASE IN AIR VOLUME BY ADDING AIR TO YOUR AIR POCKETS 

How to Equalize:

1. Blowing Gently against your blocked nostrils

2. Swallowing and wiggling your jaw

3. Blow through your nose into your mask to equalize your mask

What to do when you cannot equalize:

1. Ascend a little and try to descend slowly gently retrying to equalize

2. If you still cannot equalize, signal to your buddy and Divemaster or Instructor re your equalization problems.

3. Do not Force your Equalization, this will cause more damage.

4. Cancel the dive because bad equalization can also cause additional problems on ascent

increasing pressure doesnt affect water but it compresses  air so as you go deeper pressure increases your air volume and increases its density by pushing the molecules together. This pressure volume relationship is important because it affects airspaces like your ears sinuses lungs and mask.

Its a  SQUEEZE

The SQUEEZE happens when going down (descending) without

proper equalization because air contracts upon descent. (Barotrauma) 

It's the discomfort caused

when air pressure inside your body's air spaces (ears, sinus, mask, lungs) is

less than the pressure of the water.

An imbalance of the water

pressure and the airspace. 

Types of Squeeze

External Ear Squeeze 

§  Easily identified because it happens when you are riding an airplane or high rise elevator.

§

Because as you descend air pressure

pushes the air in your air pockets to a contracted form making your ear drum shrink.

This causes ear damage to your eardrum.

§

Normally happens when you have a cold

or your ear canal is blocked with earwax or something so obvious like earplugs

(that should never be used in scuba diving)

Middle Ear Squeeze

§  Your ear canal that connects your middle ear to the back part of your nasal cavities should equalize the pressure or the squeeze. But when there is a problem with the canal, the middle ear volume pulls the eardrum inward due to volume decrease. Yawn or blow on your nose with your mouth closed, to easily clear the canal passage. This is called the Valsalva maneuvers. This should equalize the unbalanced pressures. But be gentle, a forceful blowing can lead to Inner Ear Squeeze that is less likely to happen but Caution must be practiced when doing the Valsalva Maneuver.

Sinus Squeeze

§   When you cannot equalize properly due to colds and congestion air can also push unto your sinus leading to pain.

Mask Squeeze or Facial Squeeze

§  that makes the whites of your eyes red. Can be prevented by exhaling into your dive mask while descending.  

Lung Squeeze

§  Mostly occurs to extreme free drivers that hold their breath in very deep dives and ascend quickly in extremely fast ascent.

“A reverse

squeeze occurs to your middle ear or sinus when a diver has an upper

respiratory infection (cold) and has used nasal spray to open the breathing

passages. As the spray wears off during diving, tissues swell and cause

obstruction, resulting in a pressure difference and damage.”

                                https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/barotrauma-decompression-sickness

REMINDERS 

Prevent the Squeeze

Adding air to your air spaces (ears, sinus, lungs) to balance the pressure is called Equalization

You must Equalize your air spaces frequently as you descend and go down deeper before even feeling the discomfort of the squeeze and remember to

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